India’s Clean Energy Manufacturing Push Faces Supply Chain Gaps and Cost Challenges

India is steadily emerging as a global hub for clean energy manufacturing, supported by strong policy backing and rising domestic demand. Government initiatives such as Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes and import duties have accelerated investments in solar and battery manufacturing. However, despite this momentum, structural gaps in technology adoption, supply chain depth, and cost competitiveness continue to pose challenges that may affect India’s global positioning. India’s solar manufacturing sector has recorded significant growth, with module manufacturing capacity surpassing 120 GW. This expansion has been largely driven by policy support, though capacity utilisation remains uneven, with several facilities operating below optimal levels. From a technology standpoint, Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) modules account for nearly 70% of installed capacity, offering